Abstract

The rapid digitalization of communication in Kenya has significantly transformed how Generation Z engages with information, expresses opinions, and safeguards personal data. This study examines the ethical dilemmas surrounding digital privacy, freedom of speech, and censorship among Kenyan youth aged 18–27, within the framework of governance and policy innovation. The primary objective is to explore how existing digital governance policies affect the ethical values and digital rights of this demographic, particularly in the context of increasing surveillance, algorithmic control, and online content moderation. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative surveys with 312 participants across five counties and qualitative in-depth interviews with 20 key informants, including digital rights activists, policymakers, and ICT professionals. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and statistical inference methods to identify patterns in digital behavior, perceptions of online freedom, and trust in regulatory institutions. Findings indicate a growing tension between the desire for unrestricted digital expression and concerns over online safety, misinformation, and state surveillance. While 68% of respondents expressed support for free speech online, over 70% also reported incidents of content takedown or account suspension without clear justification. The study further reveals gaps in awareness of digital rights and inconsistent policy enforcement by government agencies. This paper concludes that Kenya’s policy frameworks must evolve to balance ethical digital governance with the democratic ideals of privacy and expression. It recommends participatory policy-making processes that include youth voices and the development of transparent, rights-based digital regulations. These reforms are crucial for fostering a digitally just society where innovation does not come at the cost of civil liberties.