Abstract

This paper critically examines the evolving role of global information technology (IT) infrastructure in addressing borderless challenges from the early 20th century to the present (2024). Utilizing a systematic review methodology, the study applied clear inclusion criteria, focusing on peer-reviewed literature, policy reports, and case studies published between 1900 and 2024. An analytic framework was used to trace the chronological development and applications of IT across key global issues, such as environmental degradation, overpopulation, and refugee movements. Specific examples underscore the transformative impact of various technologies over time: the use of radio communication during early humanitarian efforts; satellite imaging for environmental monitoring from the mid-20th century; and, more recently, internet and mobile platforms during refugee crises to enable real-time coordination and aid distribution. Big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) are also highlighted for their potential in predicting risks and optimizing global responses. Despite the promise of IT, the review identifies critical limitations in the literature, including gaps in research on the long-term social impacts of algorithmic decision-making, uneven global access due to the digital divide, and ethical concerns around data privacy and AI bias. Addressing these gaps requires international collaboration, investment in inclusive digital infrastructure, and the promotion of open-source and responsible innovation. This review offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and global stakeholders committed to harnessing IT to confront complex, borderless challenges and to foster a more interconnected, equitable, and sustainable future.